RS-T05-Q9 · 氧化磷酸化「电子传递 + 化学渗透」

先自己写完再对答案；卡住的地方回看这段讲解（公开课时间码 21:20–24:20）

来源 9700_w22_qp_41.pdf → 9700_w22_ms_41.pdf　|　小问：全部小问

触发题型：看到 Explain how ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation / 问嵴、质子梯度、ATP 合酶

✅ Mark Scheme 得分点（原文）

逐条计分：n 分写 n 条；红字为考官明确不接受（Do not accept）

3(a)(i)

1. any pair (max 2) from:
2. cristae / folds, let inner membrane expand ;
3. when water enters (matrix), by osmosis / down water potential gradient ;
4. inner membrane (relatively) impermeable to water ;
5. (so) water does not enter (matrix), by osmosis / down water potential gradient ;
6. inner membrane moves (H+) ions out of matrix ;
7. so less water enters (matrix), by osmosis / down water potential gradient ;

3(a)(ii)

1. any three names plus explanations from:
2. pyruvate, for link reaction / to bind to coenzyme A / to make acetyl (CoA) / to make reduced NAD / be dehydrogenated ;
3. oxaloacetate to, accept acetyl / make citrate ;
4. citrate to, make reduced NAD / be dehydrogenated ;
5. enzymes to catalyse, link reaction / Krebs cycle ;
6. oxygen to, accept electrons / accept protons / form water ;
7. water as a, solvent / medium for reactions ;
8. DNA / RNA, to make (named) respiratory, enzymes / proteins ;

3(a)(iii)

1. any one from:
2. so H+, cannot move through / must move through ATP synthase ;
3. to maintain proton gradient ;

3(b)(i)

1. any four from:
2. (H atoms) split into protons and electrons ;
3. electrons, flow / move, down ETC ;
4. (releases) energy used to move H+ to intermembrane space ;
5. more / build-up of, H+ / positive charge, in intermembrane space ;
6. (causes / sets up) proton / electrochemical, gradient ;

3(b)(ii)

1. any two from:
2. (Pi) by facilitated diffusion or through a protein, channel / carrier ;
3. Pi and H+ move together ;
4. (as) H+ ions diffuse (through ATP synth(et)ase / to matrix) ;

3(b)(iii)

1. constant / sufficient / correct, supply / amount of, ADP / reactant ;
2. (so) ATP can continue to be made / so enough ATP can be made ;